2011-10-03

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided that

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011

shall be divided, with one half jointly to

Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann

for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity

and the other half to

Ralph M. Steinman

for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity

Summary

This year’s Nobel Laureates have revolutionized our understanding of the immune system by discovering key principles for its activation.

Scientists have long been searching for the gatekeepers of the immune response by which man and other animals defend themselves against attack by bacteria and other microorganisms. Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann discovered receptor proteins that can recognize such microorganisms and activate innate immunity, the first step in the body’s immune response. Ralph Steinman discovered the dendritic cells of the immune system and their unique capacity to activate and regulate adaptive immunity, the later stage of the immune response during which microorganisms are cleared from the body.

The discoveries of the three Nobel Laureates have revealed how the innate and adaptive phases of the immune response are activated and thereby provided novel insights into disease mechanisms. Their work has opened up new avenues for the development of prevention and therapy against infections, cancer, and inflammatory diseases.

Two lines of defense in the immune system

We live in a dangerous world. Pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites) threaten us continuously but we are equipped with powerful defense mechanisms (please see image below). The first line of defense, innate immunity, can destroy invading microorganisms and trigger inflammation that contributes to blocking their assault. If microorganisms break through this defense line, adaptive immunity is called into action. With its T and B cells, it produces antibodies and killer cells that destroy infected cells. After successfully combating the infectious assault, our adaptive immune system maintains an immunologic memory that allows a more rapid and powerful mobilization of defense forces next time the same microorganism attacks. These two defense lines of the immune system provide good protection against infections but they also pose a risk. If the activation threshold is too low, or if endogenous molecules can activate the system, inflammatory disease may follow.

The components of the immune system have been identified step by step during the 20^thcentury. Thanks to a series of discoveries awarded the Nobel Prize, we know, for instance, how antibodies are constructed and how T cells recognize foreign substances. However, until the work of Beutler, Hoffmann and Steinman, the mechanisms triggering the activation of innate immunity and mediating the communication between innate and adaptive immunity remained enigmatic.

Discovering the sensors of innate immunity

Jules Hoffmann made his pioneering discovery in 1996, when he and his co-workers investigated how fruit flies combat infections. They had access to flies with mutations in several different genes including Toll, a gene previously found to be involved in embryonal development by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Nobel Prize 1995). When Hoffmann infected his fruit flies with bacteria or fungi, he discovered that Toll mutants died because they could not mount an effective defense. He was also able to conclude that the product of the Toll gene was involved in sensing pathogenic microorganisms and Toll activation was needed for successful defense against them.

Bruce Beutler was searching for a receptor that could bind the bacterial product, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which can cause septic shock, a life threatening condition that involves overstimulation of the immune system. In 1998, Beutler and his colleagues discovered that mice resistant to LPS had a mutation in a gene that was quite similar to the Toll gene of the fruit fly. This Toll-like receptor (TLR) turned out to be the elusive LPS receptor. When it binds LPS, signals are activated that cause inflammation and, when LPS doses are excessive, septic shock. These findings showed that mammals and fruit flies use similar molecules to activate innate immunity when encountering pathogenic microorganisms. The sensors of innate immunity had finally been discovered.

The discoveries of Hoffmann and Beutler triggered an explosion of research in innate immunity. Around a dozen different TLRs have now been identified in humans and mice. Each one of them recognizes certain types of molecules common in microorganisms. Individuals with certain mutations in these receptors carry an increased risk of infections while other genetic variants of TLR are associated with an increased risk for chronic inflammatory diseases.

A new cell type that controls adaptive immunity

Ralph Steinman discovered, in 1973, a new cell type that he called the dendritic cell. He speculated that it could be important in the immune system and went on to test whether dendritic cells could activate T cells, a cell type that has a key role in adaptive immunity and develops an immunologic memory against many different substances. In cell culture experiments, he showed that the presence of dendritic cells resulted in vivid responses of T cells to such substances. These findings were initially met with skepticism but subsequent work by Steinman demonstrated that dendritic cells have a unique capacity to activate T cells.

Further studies by Steinman and other scientists went on to address the question of how the adaptive immune system decides whether or not it should be activated when encountering various substances. Signals arising from the innate immune response and sensed by dendritic cells were shown to control T cell activation. This makes it possible for the immune system to react towards pathogenic microorganisms while avoiding an attack on the body’s own endogenous molecules.

From fundamental research to medical use

The discoveries that are awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize have provided novel insights into the activation and regulation of our immune system. They have made possible the development of new methods for preventing and treating disease, for instance with improved vaccines against infections and in attempts to stimulate the immune system to attack tumors. These discoveries also help us understand why the immune system can attack our own tissues, thus providing clues for novel treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Bruce A. Beutler was born in 1957 in Chicago, USA. He received his MD from the University of Chicago in 1981 and has worked as a scientist at Rockefeller University in New York, at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, where he discovered the LPS receptor, and the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, CA. Very recently, he rejoined the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas as professor in its Center for the Genetics of Host Defense.

Jules A. Hoffmann was born in Echternach, Luxembourg in 1941. He studied at the University of Strasbourg in France, where he obtained his PhD in 1969. After postdoctoral training at the University of Marburg, Germany, he returned to Strasbourg, where he headed a research laboratory from 1974 to 2009. He has also served as director of the Institute for Molecular Cell Biology in Strasbourg and during 2007-2008 as President of the French National Academy of Sciences.

Ralph M. Steinman was born in 1943 in Montreal, Canada, where he studied biology and chemistry at McGill University. After studying medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, USA, he received his MD in 1968. He was affiliated with Rockefeller University in New York since 1970, where he was professor of immunology from 1988. Sadly, Ralph Steinman passed away before the news of his Nobel Prize reached him.

The Nobel Assembly, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institutet, awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Its Nobel Committee evaluates the nominations. Since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded to scientists who have made the most important discoveries for the benefit of mankind.

Nobel Prize® is the registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation

The U.S. Senate has asked the School of Medicine and the law on asbestos cancer, several of them the relationship between the aim is to create 1,400 billion asbestos injury compensation fund.

Asbestos, widely used until the 1970s, insulation and other building products, has long been considered to cause lung cancer and mesothelioma reasons. Inhalation of asbestos fibers may also cause other diseases. In order to determine exposure and before symptoms develop often go through a few years.

Asbestos injury litigation legislation will leave the court. In contrast, occupational exposure to asbestos and that there are people who will sue asbestos companies and their own insurance to be compensated accordingly. Sen. Jeff Sessions, Alabama Republican, a member of the committee, said he has not yet seen the results, but there is no clear relationship with asbestos disease patients will not receive compensation. Sessions said: “Many people have been exposed to asbestos, their lives will have a variety of diseases. Asbestos Fund can not compensate for their suffering from each disease unless the disease has indeed associated with asbestos exposure.” WR Grace and Co. and USG Corp is to support the measure two companies. Thousands of lawsuits have forced 70 companies who face bankruptcy. Other companies said they were asked for the funds to pay too much, they will quickly spend the money and will suit all those anti-court. Senate bill has not yet overcome procedural hurdles and on June 6, defer. Specter and Vermont Democrats Sen. Patrick Leahy amendment to the bill want to be successful.

National Institutes of Health said in the report, workers and the general population in a number of studies in which they have found consistent evidence that the incidence of laryngeal cancer associated with asbestos. Report added that “caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers through the throat, which may lead to tissue damage. There are reports that found in the throat tissue fibers and asbestos, according to the American Cancer Society statistics, there are 9,500 people were diagnosed with laryngeal cancer these people have cancer may be due to smoking and excessive drinking caused. scholar, said the National Institutes of Health, asbestos fibers can also be through the rectum, colon and stomach, throat, but it is unclear how it is with a specific interaction of cells present, the academic organizations have not found enough evidence to prove that asbestos can cause esophageal cancer.

Tips: The above is to introduce the relationship between asbestos and laryngeal cancer, would like to draw everyone’s attention, pay attention to some of the hazards in their usual health factors, such as physical symptoms of a disease there must be timely to regular hospital treatment, so as not to delay the disease, missed the best time for treatment.

Symptoms of throat cancer (laryngeal cancer) depends on tumor size and the occurrence site.

1. Throat cancer patients may have persistent hoarse voice

Hoarseness are early signs of throat cancer the most. Laryngeal cancer is long in the tumor on the vocal cords, even before the small size, there will be a hoarse voice. All adults and unexplained hoarseness occurred more than two weeks, the throat should be done carefully checked, not be taken lightly. Because at this time throat cancer were superficial, often mistaken as “cold” or “sore throat” due. But cold, inflammation with hoarseness caused by inflammation subside soon improved, and hoarseness caused by laryngeal symptoms were progressive, but throat cancer will increase, and gradually developed into the sound thicker, change dumb, until complete aphonia.

2. Throat cancer leads to throat paresthesia

Foreign body sensation, a sense of urgency or discomfort swallowing, supraglottic cancer is the early symptoms. However, this type of cancer is often not obvious symptoms start until two, three only to be found, trace history, up to several months. Therefore, in elderly patients have throat discomfort, should do a comprehensive and detailed examination, not to cut the throat paraesthesia or chronic sore throat and rash treatment, and delaying valuable treatment time.

3. Throat cancer patients would catch Cough, bloody sputum

Stimulate the tumor can produce irritating cough, bloody sputum, patients often feel sticky mucus, “washing throat.” After the tumor will increase the airway obstruction, tracheal secretions from the poor, causing respiratory infections, wheezing or difficulty breathing, is manifested in the late persistent coughing, and changes in pronunciation.

4. Reflex pains are commonly happend

Combined laryngeal ulcers, inflammation or laryngeal cartilage periostitis, throat cancer  can cause nerve pain reflex, expressed as ipsilateral headache, earache. These symptoms appear in supraglottic throat cancer patients.

5. Precancerous lesions appear

Vocal cord polyps sometimes hoarseness, few of them can also cause throat cancer. Therefore, the best of the early vocal cord polyp surgery, not surgery should be followed up regularly. Some diseases, such as throat thick throat disease, laryngeal leukoplakia, and laryngeal papilloma, also could deteriorate into throat cancer. It is called “pre-cancerous lesions,” must be regularly followed up, just in case of throat cancer.

To ensure the successful completion of the treatment plan, and promote recovery. Throat cancer care diet is the most difficult problem — swallowing caused by choking. The best way to deal with choking is to practice swallowing, throat cancer patients 15 to 20 days, to begin to practice swallowing the beginning, the best choice for dry foods, exercise by swallowing, cough will gradually reduce the occurrence, and even disappear .

If you start to practice choking when swallowing, could use some small way to assist, such as acupressure (that is, something pharyngeal jaw with your fingers to hold the skin) or bolus method (that is, eat a banana bread or block the stomaafter eating) and other methods of training, it is impossible to dispose of the incision into the trachea of ​​the throat cancer patient an inflatable balloon, inflated with a syringe dinner, after dinner came alive again in air. However, these methods can not rely too heavily on the final exercise in throat cancer patients with or overcome through choking.

Diet for throat cancer

1, the diet should be nutritious, digestible, especially to provide adequate protein and vitamins, food should be diverse, and pay attention to color, smell, taste, shape, in order to enhance patients’ appetite; diet should be light, avoid eating greasy food. You can add some appetizing food, causing appetite in throat cancer patients with smaller meals.

2, the diet should be light, throat cancer patients should be used with anti-infective, anti-ulcer effect of food, such as Mangosteen, water chestnuts, honey, pig, snail, spinach, bitter melon.

3,  use the following foods according to one’s individual stage of throat cancer: hoarseness, radish, pear, ginkgo,plum, etc.; dysphagia, almonds, walnuts, lily, etc.; hemoptysis, lotus root, lily flowers and so on.

4, throat cancer patients can also multi-use with anti-hypopharynx and larynx cancer foods such as: front grass, Malan, tempeh, almonds, gourd, eggplant, etc.

5, food taboos: ban alcohol and tobacco, caution spicy spicy food, concurrent infection, fasting dog meat, mutton and other hot foods should encourage throat cancer patients to eat at the same time based on individual tolerance appropriate arrangements for food. Throat cancer patients themselves feel good appetite to eat as much as possible when some do not give too many restrictions, do not force throat cancer patients eat the food they do not like, so as not to cause nausea, vomiting

Throat cancer patients must pay attention to nutrition, to develop a scientific throat cancer diet care plan. Proved nutrition, treatment and rehabilitation for patients is extremely important, enabling throat cancer patients to accelerate recovery after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy to enhance tolerance and improve immune function, to avoid the infection of throat cancer.

Mr. Anderson is fifty-six years old. One year ago, he had been diagnosed with throat cancer. Though the cancer was at the early stage, he still accepted “whole throat-cut surgery” which was suggested by his doctor, in case of recurred. Since then, Mr. Anderson can only use E-throat to communicate with others, and even his swallowing function is severely impaired.

Most Recently, Mr.Anderson happened to see an article online about the treatment of laryngeal cancer. He was surprised to find that, in fact, having throat cancer may not have to have early laryngeal cancer surgery, some patients byradiation therapy alone (chemotherapy) and surgery can also get the same effect and survival.

Regard of this, physicians assert that, with improvements in radiotherapytechniques and equipment, radiotherapy has become a major clinicaltreatment of laryngeal cancer. For some patients with early, you can notdo surgery, radiation therapy to cure through a simple purpose. In addition, radiotherapy can be used as adjuvant treatment after surgery, to increase and consolidate the therapeutic effect, to compensate for the lack of surgical treatment.

Greatly affected the quality of life with lost throat

Throat is the body’s breathing arteries, but also vocal organs, connectedwith the pharynx, then under the trachea, in addition to respiratoryfunctions, throat, voice and swallowing function well. Has been total laryngectomy in the clinical treatment of laryngeal cancer dominates theadvantage of a relatively complete tumor excision, local recurrence is relatively small. The disadvantage is that patients will lose their life-longthroat, loss of normal language function, can not guarantee a normal-physiological respiratory pathway. This is some of the early patients, especially patients with cancer is still localized, really sorry.

Received a total laryngectomy many patients may not know, the tumor itself is not affected throat swallowing function, but is receiving a total laryngectomy surgery, the muscles near the throat are affected, with notswallow, so will difficulty eating place, food is often into the airway,choking and so on.

For this reason, more and more attention in recent years the medical profession to remove the tumor in the throat at the same time to preservethe function. That is the premise of complete resection of the tumor, notthe best cut can not cut, to cut only a small part, do not cut more. After alot of practice, many doctors concluded that the half-pipe or partial laryngectomy and 5-year survival rate of less than total laryngectomy.

Laryngeal cancer is sensitive to radiation

“For some of the early laryngeal cancer patients, we prefer to keep the throat, treated by radiotherapy alone.” Shi Jianjun explained that this is because the laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in the main, squamous cell generally more sensitive to radiation. And studies have shown that early laryngeal cancer, especially no lymph node metastasis of laryngeal cancer, radiotherapy to the patient’s long-term survival with surgery rather. ”Even the failure of radiotherapy, the patient to undergo salvage surgery, the success rate is still 80%.”

More importantly, simple chemotherapy can better protect patients such as speech and swallowing function, the maximum guarantee in the patient’s quality of life. ”But for the late phase of laryngeal cancer patients, if surgery can win, it’s best to radiation therapy as adjuvant treatment more appropriate.

Laryngeal cancer are sensitive to the radiation also depends on many factors. For example, the surface of cancer or ulcer-type shallow ulcers were moderately sensitive, the tumors were infiltrating no ulcer is less sensitive to radiotherapy. On tumor location, the top or edge of the vocal department at the cancer, the most sensitive to radiation, the effect of radiation therapy are the best, in the subglottic area are generally not Choose radiotherapy.

The key is to make early detection

Laryngeal cancer patients by radiotherapy alone can not save the throat, the most critical point is “early.” So, how can early detection of laryngeal cancer it? Shi Jianjun to reporters about the characteristics of early laryngeal cancer:

Persistent hoarse voice: hoarse voice is the most early signs of laryngeal cancer. Laryngeal cancer is long in the tumor on the vocal cords, even before the small size, there will be a hoarse voice. All adults and unexplained hoarseness occurred more than two weeks, the throat should be done carefully checked, not be taken lightly. Because at this time were superficial, often mistaken as “cold” or “sore throat” due.

Throat paresthesia: foreign body sensation, a sense of urgency or discomfort swallowing, supraglottic cancer is the early symptoms.However, this type of cancer is often not obvious symptoms start until two, three only to be found, trace history, up to several months.

Cough, bloody sputum: the tumor stimulation can produce irritating cough, bloody sputum, mucus adhesion patients often feel. After the tumor will increase the airway obstruction, tracheal secretions from the poor, causing respiratory infections, wheezing or difficulty breathing, is manifested in the late persistent coughing, and changes in pronunciation.

Any age over 40 years of age, while those who have the symptoms, the best to the hospital as soon as possible to be a simple indirect laryngoscopy for early detection of problems.

British scientists have discovered more than a third of kidney cancer associated with the defective gene, known as renal cell carcinoma study found that in 20 years one of the most important breakthroughs will help researchers understand the mechanism of the development of kidney cancer, and develop new treatments and early diagnosis. The study results published in the latest issue of “Nature” magazine. 

According to the British “Daily Telegraph” reported on 19 January, British scientists have discovered more than a third of kidney cancer associated with the defective gene, known as renal cell carcinoma study found that in 20 years one of the most important breakthrough, will help researchers understand the mechanism of the development of kidney cancer, and the development of new treatments and early diagnosis. The study results published in the latest issue of “Nature” magazine.

Obtain more information on Illumina sequencing platform

Previous studies have found that this gene is called PBRM1 born, but for some people, the gene will be damaged at some stage in life, leading to cancer.

New research shows that about 40% of patients with renal cell carcinoma can be found variation PBRM1 gene, VHL gene mutation is found from kidney cancer research has been the most significant discoveries. Scientists believe that the vast majority of kidney cancer are associated with variations in two genes related. The gene was discovered through genetic mapping methods, researchers in 257 cases of renal cell carcinoma found in 88 cases PBRM1 variant gene.

PBMR1 gene can maintain some of the cell structure in order. Its inactivation may lead to “rogue” elements in the abnormal growth of cancer. Why damaged or shut down the gene’s exact cause is still unclear, but researchers hope to identify the gene, can be found in the future can cause a fatal blow to the kidney cancer treatment; or through identification with the gene mutation to find biomarkers related to early diagnosis.

When the kidney showed some symptoms, it is very lethal, almost no effective cure means. UK Will Klemm Trust Sanger Institute, said Dr. Andy Ford Lille, PBMR1 kidney cancer gene research, “jigsaw puzzle” of an important puzzle, play a role in the process of changing the game, so as to develop kidney cancer treatment provides a new target and direction.

No matter the size of kidney volume, about 20% of patients in the early may have no symptoms, but in the census and for other reasons as physical or B-ultrasound only to be found kidney lesions or touching the abdominal mass. Some patients with kidney primary foci is very small, no urinary or renal symptoms, but first showed symptoms of distant metastasis.

Found in patients with axillary, abdominal mass, to find the primary lesion was found to be renal cell carcinoma. Because of these characteristics, the early signs of kidney cancer can also show other symptoms of the urinary tract and renal symptoms two aspects:

Urinary tract symptoms than patients with only 40% of the performance of general symptoms such as fatigue, lassitude, poor appetite, indigestion, nausea, constipation and so on. About 50% to 75% of patients showed normal urinary tract other than the symptoms such as fever, weight loss, anemia, liver dysfunction, gastrointestinal disorders, high blood pressure, low blood sugar; these symptoms more often than the symptom of urinary tract early, such as fever than the appearance of hematuria can be as early as 2 to 6 months. Therefore, as the early stages of kidney cancer warning, all these symptoms, should not forget to check the urinary tract, do not forget to kidney cancer may also have other symptoms of urinary tract.

Have hematuria kidney renal symptoms, three symptoms of pain and swelling. If three complete, the course has been mostly late; generally at an earlier stage, only one or two of them.

Specific performance of the three symptoms:

Hematuria

Mostly sudden gross hematuria occurred, not accompanied by pain or other symptoms. About 70% of kidney cancer patients hematuria. This hematuria is often intermittent, and can stop on their own, but repeated attacks. If the first attention when hematuria, early treatment, early diagnosis can be obtained.

Lumbago

About 50% of patients will be low back pain. Are foci of increased renal capsule stretch or compression of peripheral nerve, muscle tissue results. Mostly on the waist or abdomen dull pain. Occasional occurrence of severe angina discharged down blood clots, often mistaken for renal and ureteral stones.

Lumbar mass

Kidney lesions increased to a considerable extent from the waist or upper abdomen touch (or see) mass. About 20% to 30% of patients have this symptom. When the mass in the lateral position easier to touch and sometimes can see the mass moves up and down with respiration. If the mass and surrounding tissue adhesion, the mass is fixed, can not be promoted, it is advanced stage.

The early warning of kidney cancer, it is varied, but mostly general symptoms, the disease should be developed to a certain degree of urinary symptoms to appear. Therefore, early detection and diagnosis of kidney cancer depends on the height of vigilance. All men and women over the age of 40, when the alarm occurs, do not forget to check the urinary tract are also included to rule out the possibility of kidney cancer.

Renal cell carcinoma is the most common kidney cancer, kidney cancer accounts for about 75%. Renal cell carcinoma occurred in 40 to 60 years, children were rare; male to female ratio of 2.5: 1. Renal cell carcinoma can occur in any part of the kidney to occur mostly in the kidney, often for a single growth, growth speed varies, tumor sizes. Another feature of renal cell carcinoma prone to distant metastasis, the common site of distant metastasis are lung, liver, bone, chest, abdomen, pelvis, perineum and limbs of the soft tissue.

Diet Care before surgery

1. Diet before surgery

Kidney tumor once be discovered, mostly at advanced level, eat some easy to digest, absorb, nutritious food, vegetables, lean meat, eggs, etc., in order to maintain human nutrition, enhance the body’s resistance to disease, as surgical create the conditions for treatment.

2. Diet after surgery

because of injury righteousness, large kidney injury, hurt the gas consumption of blood, both blood and circumstances got injuries. Eat protein-rich foods such as milk, soy milk, mashed potatoes, green beans mud, spinach, Geng, etc., can also be used medlar Pork consumption. But note that food should not be eating too much fullness.

3. Diet  during radiotherapy

loss of kidney, nourishing yin nourishing fluid should the goods, the selection of fresh fruits, fresh vegetables such as spinach, apples, Yamanashi, longan meat, walnut, medlar, white fungus soup.

4. Diet of patients after chemotherapy

due to blood two injuries, coupled with drug side effects, and Yinyehaoshang, injured blood gas consumption, should be eating more yin qi foods, such as Geng, turtle broth, turtle soup, mushrooms soup, white fungus soup, bird’s nest, apple juice, ginkgo, meat soup, chicken soup, etc., can choose to eat. There are vomiting, available raw ginger.

“If you can do early detection, proper treatment, the vast majority of kidney cancer can be cured.” Expert, said: “Although kidney cancer is a malignant tumor, but the effect of early surgical treatment of kidney cancer is very good, many patients can achieve healing effect. “

“If the development of advanced renal cell carcinoma, the treatment it is very difficult, radical surgery patients also lost the opportunity.” Expert added: “The kidney is very special, its traditional chemotherapy or hormone therapy is not sensitivity, clinical used interleukin-2 and interferon Although you can shrink the tumor but only 10% -20% of patients respond to these drugs, but more serious side effects, patients with an average survival of only 10 months in recent years target to the emergence of drug treatment, advances in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma is the U.S. Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2005 annual meeting the results of published studies show that multi-target drugs Nexavar targeted therapy in patients with advanced kidney cancer can progress without survival overall survival time was significantly longer (39%). ”

The treatment of advanced tumors of good news emerging is certainly exciting, but its treatment is early treatment with relatively large gap between the tumor. To achieve early detection of cancer, the importance of people’s health and the concept of progress is much higher than the advances in medical technology. Like a very obvious early symptoms of kidney cancer, many patients were accidentally discovered by physical examination, with the symptoms to the hospital only has to find the most advanced, the concept of difference is the prognosis of the disease caused by a huge difference. Therefore, Zhou Fangjian recommend the best people over the age of 40 months to do a physical examination, although the tumor can not be one hundred percent, but at least 80% can be detected early, like the kidney can be found through the normal B-.Physical examination and doctors can better after full status according to their custom, the choice of the hospital should also have some relevance, such as colon cancer there is a certain degree of familial aggregation, and if such patients at home, then their best to include physical examination on a regular colonoscopy examination, and the best selection in this disease may have more experience in the hospital, so as to achieve more with less.

Reference from Wiki and other sites

Compared with lung cancer, breast cancer and other common than kidney seemed a bit “unknown” in China, accounting for all cancers of the 2% -3%, but in all of the urinary system tumors, bladder cancer is second only to the firstthe second largest killer, and its incidence is rising. Males than females.In some areas, kidney cancer has become a top ten ranked men’s tumors.

Around 208,500 new cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed in the world each year, accounting for just under 2% of all cancers. The highest rates are recorded in Northern America and the lowest rates in Asian and African regions.

In the United States in 2008, these two types together are estimated to cause 54,390 new cases and 13,010 deaths.

2005. The most recent estimates of incidence of kidney cancer suggest that there are 63,300 new cases annually in the EU25. In Europe, kidney cancer accounts for nearly 3% of all cancer cases.

In the UK kidney cancer is the eighth most common cancer in men, with 4,622 new cases diagnosed in 2005. This compares to 2,758 new cases of kidney cancer in women, giving a male:female ratio of 1.5:1. In women it is the fourteenth most common cancer. Male kidney cancer incidence rates increased by more than 85% from 7.1 per 100,000 in 1975 to 13.4 per 100,000 in 2005. In women the rates have more than doubled over the same period from 3.2 to 6.6 per 100,000. Most of the increase has occurred in older men and women, with rates more than doubling between 1975 and 2005 for men in their 70s and early 80 and women aged 65 and over. The incidence of the disease in Britain has an aspect ratio of 50.6% of the final exitus( quote by Welsh Cancer Intelligence, 2005 ). 

The incidence of kidney cancer is increasing also in the United States, and this increase is thought to be real, at least in part, not due only to changes in diagnostic practices.

Some types of kidney cancer have a known hereditary or familial risk, and to date five hereditary syndromes have been associated with renal cell carcinoma.

Uterine cancer is usually fatal, because it often can only be found out on advanced level. A new study shows that dogs can sniff out early uterine cancer.

Scientists previously demonstrated that dogs seem to be able to sniff out cancer. Published in 2004, “British Medical Journal” found that the results of a study on dogs by sniffing human urine can be found in bladder cancer. Published in 2006, “Integration of cancer therapy,” the journal of a small-scale research found that trained dogs can be found in lung and breast cancer. In this new study, researchers trained dogs to identify the different types and different periods of uterine cancer.

The researchers found that the smell of uterine cancer appears to differ from other gynecological cancers, such as cervical and endometrial cancer. More importantly, early uterine cancer and low odor and the smell of advanced ovarian cancer as. This research is published in the June issue of the “integrated cancer therapy” (Integrative Cancer Therapies) magazine. The author wrote: “Our research strongly indicates that most common types of uterine cancer with a single specific odor that trained dogs can identify them, but we believe that the dog will not be used for clinical applications, because they vulnerable at work, leading to changes in diagnosis rates, and, in a constrained environment, they can still be used for experimental applications, in order to further explore this interesting new way to cancer diagnosis. ”

Relative to humans, dogs nose to the olfactory cells sensitive to several times. They are naturally able to sniff out bombs, drugs and buried the bodies. In fact, there are many amazing animals, the ability to sense things that humans can not detect.

The study by Dr. Gothenburg of Sweden School of Medicine. ”Integrated cancer therapy” magazine editor in chief Keith I. Brook, said: “I think the study of great value, a growing number of human studies have shown that these trained dogs have diagnostic skills and they have the ability to find cancer-related The special smell, will eventually become an effective early diagnosis of cancer, methods and tools, future cancer cure rates will be higher. ”

Uterine cancer, breast cancer mortality is three times In addition, researchers at Yale School of Medicine in February 2009, a new blood test for ovarian cancer found that the accuracy rate of 99%. This method is currently in clinical testing.